The bar chart shows the height of the doughnuts before and after baking. The rising of the dough during baking is caused by the fermented yeast during proving that has produced carbon dioxide in the dough. During baking, the dough rises rapidly as the gases inside the dough expand. But at 54 degrees Celsius, further rising stops as the yeast is killed. Differences in height depend on the type of flour used.

The above star diagram shows the characteristics of the doughnuts, with 1 being the least appealing and 5 the most appealing. The first characteristic, colour, Variation C, at 5, has the best colour given its golden brown look. Variation B has the least appealing colour, at 2, as it was very dark brown in colour and looked burnt, though it was not. Variation A and the control had averagely appealing colours with Variation A being just brown in colour and the control, very light brown. Both are just as appealing. The 2nd characteristic, texture, the control, was rated 5 with its smooth surface. Variation A has the least appealing texture, at 1, as it felt coarse, rough and grainy. Variation C was appealing, though as not as much as the control. It was smooth, with a few humps. Variation B was not very appealing, though better than Variation A with its coarse and rough texture. The 3rd characteristic, taste, the control and Variation C has the best taste, at 5 as they were both equally soft and chewy. Variation A was very hard and difficult to chew, thus it was only rated 1. Variation B was soft but not chewy. The last characteristic, moisture, the control has the best moisture, at 5, as it was soft and bouncy to the touch. Variation C is 2nd with its slightly soft and bouncy feel. Variation A and Variation B was rated 2 because they were hard and dry as they lacked moisture.

Conclusion

The experiment that I have carried out have proved that different types of flour(plain, wholemeal, brown a.k.a wheatmeal, strong) will result in different characteristics, in terms of colour, texture, taste, moisture and height, upon baking. Flours are complex carbohydrates as they contain starch. Flour is the fine powdery substance that when mixed with water, forms gluten, which is a complex protein. Gluten gives dough an elastic structure and allows the retention of gas bubbles in an intact structure which results in a sponge-like product called dough. The higher the protein content of the flour, the more gluten will be formed when it is mixed with water. Fat such as butter or oil is added to the mixture to lubricate and shorten the gluten strands. The different types of dough will result in different characteristics upon baking, depending on the types of flour used.

When water is added to flour, water molecules combine with 2 proteins, gliadin and glutenin to form gluten. At first, the protein molecules that are formed are tangled and chaotic but as the dough are mixed, they line up with one another, forming gluten strands. During kneading, the protein molecules become more closely aligned and the gluten becomes stronger and more elastic. The dough is now able to hold gases produced by yeast, which causes the bread to rise. In this experiment, the control and Variation B has raised the most, as compared to the other variations. This is because plain flour is usually used where a shorter and finer texture is required, allowing more carbon dioxide to be formed in the dough given its light flour properties, as it contains only the endosperm of the grain, and brown flour contains the endosperm and germ but only the inner layers of the bran, with very course bran particles that are removed during milling and this gives a better rising during baking. However, Variation A, wholemeal flour, contains all the bran and germ with nothing added or removed. It is heavy and close-textured, because the bran and germ reduce the rise. As for Variation C, strong flour did not rise as much as the control or Variation B because it is heavier in density and its high-protein content and high water absorbency properties limits its rise.

The properties of gluten vary with its composition, which differs according to its source. Thus, doughs range from soft and extensible to tough and elastic, depending on the gluten in flours. Different types of flours have different absorbency levels. Variation A was the coarsest, dry and rough in texture and very hard and dry as it lacked moisture. This is because wholemeal flour absorbs more water than plain flour in order to get the right shape and texture for the bread. In this experiment, all the variables were fixed except for the types of flour used, so this lead to the different amounts of moisture in the different breads. The amount of moisture determines the texture and taste of the bread. The control and Variation C was soft and chewy while Variation B was soft and not so chewy, as they were both moist and not heavy in density. Variation A was dense and heavy, that lead its taste to be very hard and difficult to chew because it lacked moisture. The control and Variation C too had the best texture, as they were both smooth and bouncy to the touch. Variation A, again, had a coarse, rough and grainy texture as it was dry. Variation B on the other hand, did not contain as much moisture as the control or Variation C but it was moister than Variation A therefore, its texture was not smooth, but just coarse and rough.

The difference in colour among the control and variations is caused by the amount of starch that is present in the flour. The more starch content there is in the flour, the more starch will be dextrinized, causing it to be brown in colour. Browning of the bread occurs not only from the dextrinization of the starch, but also the caramelization of sugar, as well as the maillard reaction. In this experiment, Variation C had the best golden brown colour as strong flour contains the right amount of starch that is needed to give bread the right brown colour to the crust. However, Variation B had the least appealing colour as it was very dark brown and looked over baked, though it was not. Though brown flour does contain a reasonable amount of starch, the endosperm, germ and inner layers of the bran has contributed to the cause of the further darkening of the bread upon baking.

In conclusion, different types of flour have their own properties that will result in different characteristics depending on how they are prepared and cooked. Plain flour and strong flour is therefore recommended to be used if a nice texture, colour, and mouth feel or taste is desired.

Picked kitty up from the vet after hearing from kaktasha that she's passed on. Mummy cried quite badly when she saw her frozen body. I stroked her like i do normally. I felt numb.

So we took a cab back. Mummy wanted to stop at siglap and i went back home. I was to meet kaktasha after her work but she told me to go to VM so that she can go to VM straight away instead of going to tampines then to VM.

Abah apparently didn't go to work again because of diarrhoea. At 4 something me and kaktasha walked to our ancestor's grave at jalan sempadan. And it started to rain so heavily. But we kept digging. Until kaktasha couldn't take it anymore. We argued and shouted at each other . I said i wanted to continue digging cause i won't have anyone else to help me tomorrow because she is working. She said i could ask Abah.

I mean, would he? -grits teeth-.

So I went back to VM and kaktasha, to tampines. I bathed myself. Then kitty. With soap. Her eyes weren't completely closed. I tried to close them. Somehow I couldn't . I kissed her body after i bathed her. She smelt good. I wiped her. Placed her in her cage, but i opened the top part of the cage.

I'll miss you kittycat. Yeh, that's your real name. Kittycat.

I am blogging. In school.

Life is the road that i want to keep going.
Love is the river i want to keep flowing.

Abah is not willing to pay the rest of the price of the camera even after i volunteered to come out $250 for it. I am very, very disappointed .

I woke up at 515am. A little extra early because i needed to iron my pinafore and i wanted to try how milk toast tasted. Unfortunately, there was no tinge of milkyness in it and it tasted like normal everyday white bread.

I spreaded milo powder on it to give a chocolatey kick to it. It was crunchy.

I didn't want to run 2.4 at all today. But Sufie was so enthusiastic about it that she even sprinted back and forth at the last part of the route to push people to run. Fatin, Tiara and i walked the whole round. Ha ha. We strolled actually.

We had English comprehension CA1 during Math. :) The 2nd passage was something that i enjoyed reading. And i hope i answered the questions right. The 1st passage was understandable but there were so many profound words that i had a hard time trying to figure out what the answers were. Good thing we didn't have to do the summary.

For literature, we had to read What is Love? I pray thee tell. In 5 minutes but by that time it was my 2nd time reading it cause i already started doing so since Mrs Teo was talking. Afterwards she told 24 of us to go up to the board to write down what we think of the poem. I did my part.

Love brings out the extremes of a person.
Love is a question with no wrong answers.

I got a 'Vague and too generalized' remark. Kind of unhappy about it but i agree.

After school Celeste, Zi Wei and i had to see Mrs Ang regarding our R&D. I was the last person and it took quite long to get done with the 2 of them who were before me. I'm going to re-do those things that i have to, soon. Later on Intan and Celeste wanted to eat at Macdon's but they couldn't agree on the location which got me kind of pissed because I'm ok with anything and they kept on bickering.

In the end we decided to go to 7-11. A place where i don't usually buy anything from. But i did get myself a milo freeze and a loacker milk&cereal bar. Very nice. They got instant noodles and Celeste is keeping to her home-food diet. There was no place to sit so i suggested the hawker centre. Out of free-will i bought 2 epok-epok sardine so that we can use the table there.

I took 15 with Celeste because i wanted to go to Tampines Library and 15 happened to pass by there and also stop at Pasir Ris interchange. We talked throughout the journey. Much to talk. It got me tired though.

At the library, i was thinking of reading the newspapers first before starting on geography but i couldn't find the newspapers and magazine section so i went to pick out a storybook for a short self-reading stint. I need to do this more often.

I tried looking for a table but there wasn't any and Rifdi happened to be sitting on a table for 4 but he was alone so i asked if i could sit there. I read awhile then started reading geography. He was kind of rough with the table cause it kept shaking. Ha ha.

Ok, i shall print out Biology homework and start on F&N followed by revising geography again.

Bye Nabilaaaaaa. : )

Today was the day i got my first scolding for this year. Didn't like it very much. It was nasty though politely done.

I wasn't angry or anything when Christine told me to play canteen monitor for today cause i knew i had to take the blame for something i did, which was eating at the canteen, dirtying it and not bothering to clean the table up. Wokay. I am a bad, bad 4.3ian. Sorry.

I will not do it again.

And there will be no more complains from other teachers anymore, Teacher.

I am currently trying to get Ms J Wong's e-mail to ask her about the drama course in SP. Is it even a course or isit something like a cca. Hmmm.

Sufie thought i was being bitchy again this morning. Nah, got distracted. Aw. ha!

Fatin Yahya joined 4.3. Welcome to the family, baby. You are so goddamn lucky to have US as your classmates cause everyone else just suck. Yes. yes. :)

Self reflection for this time, right now:
Sigh. I don't know. Angry perhaps? Frustrated..hmm.. I've got f&n to do. I know i whine about it alot. I can't help it. So many things in this tiny brain of mine. Ok, fine, not so tiny . Why am i making myself feel so apprehensive. It's disturbing. I think of blogging all the time. This is another addition to my diversion. Yes, i am trying to practise writing skills and adding new words to my own personal vocabulary. My eyes hurt. Attentionattentionattention.

Drama today was as usual. We sat and bitched throughout though i drifted away for some of the stories cause i daydreamed. Was thinking more of: can we get on with the script. It was a reluctant thought. Like i wanted to do the script but we just HAD to. Ok, so the script has to be handed in on monday and we have to act it out on wednesday. -breathes out-

I seriously wish i could get the solution to every situation at my fingertips.

If only i could abandon all worthless thoughts that just wastes my time.

I wouldn't say life is labyrinthine. But it would be easy if i didn't care.

Thank God Thank God Thank Allah cause I've done Malay karangan. Phewwwwwwww. I can't even handle f&n right now with all the surveys being done through computer and i have to record everything down in pen! My eyes are getting a little dry.

Tired tired tired tired SHUT UP.

I hope you can stop liking me. Sorry

I shall get back to work now goodday Nabila.

The world is dying.

And it's all because of US.

Because of these strips of paper we call.money.

For all the greenery around us will perish, leaving vast fields of barren land. Fuck it.

To feed men and his ways- we are the creatures we supposedly believe are the smartest beings on earth.

Since we're from a knowledge-based economy, we should have the brains to do something about it. Stop talking about development.

It is enough, we don't need to be more ambitious and goal-oriented than we already are. Freaks.

I cannot believe 32ha of the amazon forest is destroyed every minute. Out of 3.something million ha? By the time I'm 50, there'll be
What is the point of learning geography if we ourselves don't put what we are taught into action.

Why can't we live like natives for years and years. Was there someone who was brought up as some spoilt brat who wanted more than he already had?

So everyone started to follow suit.

Don't say 'this is just how the world is'. It isn't. WE made it this way. So why can't we do something about it? It's not that we CAN'T. We DON'T WANT TO CAUSE WE DON'T GIVE A DAMNNNNNN. how sad.

Good luck in trying to save earth at the very last minute. If we can't, you know where the finger will be pointing at.

Anyhoo, met Sufie at bedok lj's for lunch with kaktasha. Followed by watching Norbit at century square. The movie was definitely better than the epic movie. Me and kaktasha (and mus) went to pakjak's for dinner cause he had a gathering. There were 2 babies. How cute.

@ starbucks

TERROR WORXXXX. heh

I am so kawai.

Ok nabila, in case you have a really small memory space and is unable to remember such important occasions like your 16th birthday, you shall type it down so that everything will be refreshed.

A minute before the clock (according to my handphone) struck midnight, a message came in-from Amelia, wishing me a happy birthday. So that was my first message. Then it was Firdaus at 2:59am. Madness. I thought he messaged while sleeping. But he was studying. Wah. Ha. Continued sleeping.

Left at 6:05am as usual. 291 was late. Got messages from Baleegha and Sufie and Shahrudin.Missed 31. Took mrt. At bedok interchange had to run all the way right to the end to 196. What a way to start out being 16. Went to school and did my usual buy-milo. Bought for Sufie and Annisa SUDDENLY came up to me and asked me to belanja her. Wow, scary and random. Thought she was kidding and she told me she isn't so i agreed.

Nice, Annisa. She tried to distract me by asking where Hedayaty was and said that she wanted to see me. I mean, why the hell would Hedayaty want to see me? Lol. I FORCED my way through her and when i got back to the table, muffins were arranged in a christmas-tree pattern. Wow! Sweet sial! ha ha. They looked so goooooood. Then Sufie and Diyana sang me the birthday song. Kathy took for us 2 pictures. Nice. : )

In class, got a message from Haidar wishing me (i'm starting to love the first day of being 16). OH! I passed 2.4 run. Time, 16:10. Fastest in secondary school life. Gladnye. At least i don't have to run 5 times and continue getting the same time again and again.

The rest of the day was as usual, and i forgot that it was my birthday cause nothing special actually happened. After school, i could straight away head back home since there's nothing to stay back for. So i decided to go VM to visit kitty. :D She grew skinny.

Afterwards, met with Shah to go back home together. Got a bar of snickers from him. I haven't ate it yet though cause i have muffins and chocolates to finish up and i don't wish to do finish everything so quickly. Yeh, you know why.

I had a call from Abah, wishing me. We decided to meet at 5:45pm for dinner at tampines. Just ate at the Utaste beside the POSB bank.

At 8something pm, Sufie messaged me asking if we could hang around my area. I repeat, MY area. I was thinking what the hell would she wanna do in tampines or even, COME here. Then she told me she just ended tarian, wanted to send of a friend to the bus stop and just chill at starbucks tampines. So i agreed.

Did our chitchat and headed home. Not in a hurry at all cause it was thursday aka my birthday and total defence day and the next day was a celebrating day. Ha ha. No studies=no homework to hand in.

16/2/2007
I woke up at 5am to goreng what i had to for the class party. Met Sufie outside the classroom cause I was kinda early and the canteen was closed.

Another distraction session: Sufie told me to follow her up to Annisa's class. The brownie was so nice, the one Annisa's auntie baked. Soft, chewy, chocolatey. Sufie entertained herself and people in the class and i wanted to get out cause i felt uncomfortable. Ended up staying in there for 15 or 20 mins.

When i stepped into 4/3, the whole class started singing HAPPY BIRTHDAY to me. Shocked. Don't know how to react. Then Christine told me she baked a cake and showed it to me. It was on the table surrounded by food and empty pizza boxes (thanks ah you all for finishing everything up). I am not a huggy person but i felt like i had to show how much i appreciated her thought of BAKING me a cake in a way or another. It was such a nice feeling cause a friend baked my birthday cake and she happened to be the CHAIRMAN of the class ha ha ha. I didn't know she bakes considering her to be a very good art student. I tasted everything else before distributing the cake cause it looked nice and i wanted to admire it for a while. Took some pics of it. Unforgettable 16th birthday.

After school, Sufie and Mashita followed me back to VM to see kitty. Then we left at 2pm and went to tampines. Sufie wanted to eat cause she didn't eat much at the class party. Thought of long john's. In the end, tampines mall was extremely crowded and lj's was full. So had to go back cause Sufie didn't want to eat anywhere else.

We 3 met again at 6pm. Wanted to catch the epic movie at The Cathay at 8pm. Ok, the movie was damn bad. There were some parts that were haha funny and other parts were lame funny. Most parts were lame, really. The stupid man beside me kept looking at my direction that i had to lean to the right, near Sufie cause i felt so uncomfortable with a pair of perverse-eyes at my direction so oftenly.

KakIdah was going to meet us at esplanade haagen dazs straight. She had a function to attend and so decided to meet us there. We ordered the fondue, with the waiter being very kind and efficient (and kinda cute too). I was expecting the foodies to be little but there were an assortment like cookies and like..like.. fruits and ice-cream and a small plate of kacang ha ha . Served with a pot of hot chocolate. Heaven. To think that it was 10something at night and we're indulging in such desserts. Fuck it. Ha ha. KakIdah was kinda late but we managed to save her some foodies. She gave me a gift from bodyshop :D.

I reached home a few minutes after 12midnight. There was alot of people in the bus so i didn't feel scared or anything. Mummy waited for me to get home but she didn't scold me cause it was MY day. :D I love you Mummy.

I has been great being 16 so far. My third day today. All the best, Nabila. Ha ha. For what i don't know. I want a camera so badly .SLAMATZ. oh by the way, this whole post was typed on 17/2/2007.

Whenever you think a day is going to be a drag, it doesn't and when you're really looking forward to the day, it turns out the other way round. So i guess we should all think negatively at all times. SET .

Mr Lee Gregory made us squat for i think 3-5mins i'm not sure cause i didn't look at my watch when i was squatting all i know was that squating for the first 20 seconds was bearable until my fats gave way and my legs started to ache. I'm always enthusiastic for morning exercise. I don't know why. It's built in me and i don't understand how not doing exercise and stoning can be cool. Ok, 15 minutes of rigorous workout. Next.

Chemistry Test. Hmm. I thought it was ok. I'm sure i'll pass. I AM SURE I REPEAT. Better be. Need to hit that B for science sheesh. Mrs Koh is a good teacher. She's best at one-on-one. Lovely, teacher she.

We went to the biology lab to the a summary of reproduction in plants. Long topic, but not so tedious to memorise if i start early. 2 weeks to squeeze them all in before the BIG DAY- 16th February.

I was seriously not looking forward to math only to realise that Ms Tan wasn't in school. Did locus questions on our own with my math partner. Ok . Next.

GEOGRAPHY GOSH. Saya benar-benar tidak suka menghadiri kelas geografi. Mrs Kauthar told us to map out the next topic- Environment and its resources. So that we will read the textbook and also take down notes. Duh. Got kind of into doing the points and all and before you knew it, class ended. Ha ha.

Literature, concentrated 45mins. 15 mins in dreamworld.

English. Did comprehension. And i'm starting to get really worried.

Biology extra lesson did much on reproduction in animals. Why is it even animals why not humans since all its content is about humans' penises and vaginas.

Went swimming for a while. Cause i ate lots of useless calories in the afternoon.

pee.

Mass today ended at 9somethingam. The preaching was interesting until it got kinda draggy. Lol. Anyways, after mass there was prize giving and sufie got the good progress award. How funny is that! ha. Recess for an hour afterwards. So what i'm trying to say is that we didn't have lessons till after recess. Geography, Literature and Engrish. All wasn't so boring. Kept awake at every lesson. :)


After school, sufie and i went to parkway. Waited for mashita at the 711 bus stop and off we went to kfc. Ate 2 piece chicks and bubble tea. wow. fatsening. Did our eng renaissance project till the end. Now abit of touch up to be done on monday. Shit! So many homework during weekend siol. Well, outing today wasn't bad. Fun. Think i'm gonna do F&N task analysis soon.

Oh pictures from sufie's birthday outing with thy.

Ha ha :)
Me and then-birthday girly.
SIAN AH>

a very wet and cold day today! and tonight and most probably for tomorrow too. awwwww asswipe!

Last few days' thoughts. Written today. Heh.

What I wrote in my english journal today.

The weekend was time for me to rest and what more but to wake up at whatever time i wanted on that saturday morning. I was considering if i should go to school for the cca orientation as i was wondering if i could earn cip/cca points for being present to help around. But in the end, i decided not to because the secondary 3s and 2s would be enough and i won't be of much help in the end either. So better yet, i went back to sleep and conserved energy for my outing with Sufie later on on that day.

I did the same thing for Sunday as well. Woke up at 11am I think. Had a little chitchat and nagging from mother which got me tired. I reflected on my life like i do everyday while reading the papers. I really need to do something with my life that would make me proud of myself for once! Like getting an A for math like i did for PSLE(can you believe it ha ha). Why is primary schoolwork so easy when you think about it. But when you were in primary school, work seemed so damn difficult. Sigh.

I decided that i cannot have time for a desired commitment. Not a necessary one. I don't even think i have enough time for myself! I need to buck up on my Bahasa . I need to score! I really hope this year will go on smoothly. Smoothly as in no boys, no major unhappiness at home(impossible). Hmmmm....

I need to change myself. Badly.


Right now, i need to recharge myself for the night. For the workload that i'll be facing later. I think i gained weight. Sigh don't know if i should even give a fck. I am so sleepy. And i like this picture.

Wow it's been more than half a year that i BLOGGED. ha ha! Well, more than half a year of a hell of a rollercoaster ride. From bad results to bad love life (ha). Oh well, here i am. Just scraped through secondary 3 now here in secondary 4 . Last year. Have to make the best of it, girl! Tests and exams coming so soon with malay paper in june. Damn! I think of my life everyday. Trying to adjust to my thinking and put it into action. I'm determined to do WAY WAY WAY better than what crap i did in secondary 3 (what the hell was i thinking?!). Need to be alot more focused. Sleep less in class. Study EVERY FREAKING DAYYYY. Forget boys. Eh, but sometimes they can help us in schoolwork leh. Nevermind about that. I'm making it a point to read newspapers everyday-malay and english. I need to score A1 for english. At least a C for Malay. I need to do something right with my life. Academically.

So, i got myself an organiser. Saya mesti cuba mengurangkan berat badan saya lebih 2 kilo pada semester pertama tahun ini. About the organiser, i'm gonna plan my everyday life in it. Can't let myself be so unorganised anymore. I have to finish up my english comic strips assignment. Sigh! I always feel like putting up some pictures but i just hate to wait for the picture to download and all. Bloodyhell frustrating.

Well, i'll be celebrating my dear Sufie's birthday soon. Meeting her later. She wants to go sentosa but i'm not sure what we can do there except take lots of pictures and shit haven't got her her present yet! I think i'll just give her the most unforgettable favourite friend's hug. Hmm. I think i shall post up some pictures here when i get them. Then after outing, rest abit. Then return to face biology textbook. Transportation in Flowering Plants. Respiration, done. Tomorrow, start on social studies. And of course not forgetting to read newspaper luh.

I don't know if i was supposed to go to school today for cca orientation but i don't think i'm needed so i kinda went back to sleep. Hard to wake up.

Yesterday went to the hospital with my mother. SGH. She needed to check on her condition. So we waited for so damn long only to end up with the WRONG doctor. So we had to wait for another freaking long time . But the wait paid off. The doctor is so handsome! He's not a permanent doctor there. Was only on attachment (how i know because he and the nurse were talking about it while i just stood in the corner). Didn't know he was muslim. HMM. Afterwards in the evening, met Abah Kakdira and Tokwan . We went to the airport to check out the birkenstock sale. Sister of course got one for herself. We went to delifrance. Oh there were so many Caucasions and Indians yesterday what up man. ha ha. Ordered lasagna, ice-cream, baguette, rendang puffs. Didn't eat much cause i already ate with mum. Then went back, talk with sufie for awhile(when i got scolded), then went back to study. THE END. bye nabila!